Showing posts with label the swan. Show all posts
Showing posts with label the swan. Show all posts

Monday, October 6, 2025

The Woman's Journal

 

By Kristy McCaffrey

The Woman’s Journal was a weekly newspaper published every Saturday in Boston and Chicago beginning on January 8, 1870. It was centered on the interests of women, including educational, industrial, legal and political equality, with an emphasis on suffrage rights, aligning with the American Woman Suffrage Association.

Lucy Stone courtesy of
National Women's History Musem

The Journal was considered more moderate when compared to other women’s rights papers, with the founder, Lucy Stone, having split from Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Historian Barbara Berenson notes that the Journal “adopted a positive outlook; throughout the long suffrage struggle, it would stress progress and maintain that success was inevitable.” While maybe not as radical as other publications, its tone likely influenced the publication’s wide appeal.

When Lucy (and later her husband) passed away, their daughter Alice took over the paper. From 1910-1912, the National American Woman Suffrage Association temporarily funded the paper, and in 1912 The Woman’s Journal changed its name to The Woman’s Journal and Suffrage News.

The paper covered work in various states and countries. In 1915, their circulation reached 27,000 copies each week, and it was dispersed across the United States and to 39 countries.

Financial issues led to it being sold in 1917 and moving from Boston to New York City, where it was renamed The Woman Citizen. But there’s no doubt that The Journal was an integral part of the suffrage movement.

* * * * *

What if The Magnificent Seven were women?

In my latest release, seven women fight to save their town.

Twin Territories 

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to protect the rights of Chickasaw orphans, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy. 

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman searching for answers that could lead straight to him. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

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Monday, September 1, 2025

Medicine in Dallas in the 1890s

 


By Kristy McCaffrey

In 1890, Dallas, Texas, was a growing center of commerce for North Texas. The population was nearly 38,000, but the medical care offered was primitive. Science-based medicine was in its infancy and Dallas doctors had not yet accepted the germ theory of disease. Surgical hygiene and the sterilization of medical instruments were virtually nonexistent.

At a meeting of the Texas Medical Association (TMA) in 1890, it was stated that “the profession of medicine in the United States is sick.” It was suggested this was due to homeopathy, eclecticism, so-called acupuncture, and “Wilford Hall's method of rectal irrigation.”

Some topics addressed at TMA meetings held between 1886 and 1902 were:

Opposition to a bill proposing “regulation of the practice of medicine”

Expulsion of Dr. M. Salm of Austin for gross plagiarism and seduction of a young lady under grave circumstances

Defense of animal experimentation

Dismissal of the teachings of Darwin and Huxley

Papers, including Texas quackery, early blistering in pneumonia, prophylaxis in smallpox, malaria, typhoid, tuberculosis, insanity, enlarged prostate, glaucoma, and menstrual disorders in schoolgirls

Antiseptics

Diphtheria antitoxin, which had only recently been proposed in 1895

In Dallas in the 1890s, surgery and deliveries were done in the home. It was common practice to radically instrument pregnant women about to undergo delivery to promote cervical dilatation. There was no washing of hands or cleaning of dirty fingernails prior to delivery or surgery, and no rubber gloves were used.

Although the value of antiseptic techniques in surgery had been described in the 1870s in an article published in the Lancet, Dallas doctors hadn’t adopted this stance. One even used the example of a person who survived a surgical procedure under contaminated conditions as evidence that the germ theory was just a fad. Quinine, the cupping glass, and strong emetics were instead the universal cures.

* * * * *

In my newest release, the heroine is a doctor unable to find work in Dallas so is headed to Oklahoma Territory where she is sidetracked to a small town in the Chickasaw Nation.


Twin Territories
November 1899 

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to protect the rights of Chickasaw orphans, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy. 

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman searching for answers that could lead straight to him. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

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Monday, August 4, 2025

Land Allotments in the Twin Territories and THE SWAN is out!!

 

By Kristy McCaffrey

The Dawes Act (the General Allotment Act) was passed in 1887 and authorized the U.S. President to break up Indian reservation land into small allotments. The purpose of the Dawes Act, and subsequent extensions, was to protect American Indian property rights, particularly during the land rushes of the 1890s that occurred in the Twin Territories, which encompassed Oklahoma and Indian Territories.

In 1896, the Dawes Commission received congressional approval to compile rolls of tribal members in the Five Nations (the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles) who would be eligible to receive allotments, allowing it to add individuals who maintained they had not been included on the various tribal census rolls.

In 1897, the Atoka Agreement called for an equitable distribution of Choctaw and Chickasaw tribal land among the members, except for lands set aside for schools and townsites and land reserved because of coal and asphalt deposits. Homesteads of 160 acres would be inalienable for a period of twenty-one years, and the surplus land could be sold, one-fourth in the first year, one-half in the second year, and the remainder by the fifth year after allotment.

In my new novel, The Swan, a group of women must stand against those who would take advantage of Chickasaw orphans and their allotments. The Swan is Book 11 in my Wings of the West series, but it can be read as a standalone.

Twin Territories
November 1899

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to protect the rights of Chickasaw orphans, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy.

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman searching for answers that could lead straight to him. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

The Swan is an emotional story of a woman finding her true calling and a hero moving forward after a difficult past. It has light steam and a heartfelt and poignant ending.

An excerpt from The Swan

(Malcolm Hardy is meeting with Cash Wright, an old friend and a Lighthorseman - the Chickasaw police force.)

“Who would’ve thought back when we worked for Kellogg that you’d end up a respectable lawman,” Malcolm said.

“And you’re respectable?” Cash’s tone was tinged with irony.

“I’m trying,” Malcolm answered honestly, proud of the fruits of working hard. “Ever hear from Ambrose?”

“No. You?”

“Not in some time.”

“You gave him and Bessie a chance,” Cash said. “He wouldn’t have squandered it.”

Malcolm couldn’t disagree. Ambrose was the son of a black Chickasaw freedman—released from slavery after the Civil War—but had struggled with citizenship since the Chickasaw refused recognition. It had sometimes lit a tension between Ambrose and Cash, both men paying for the actions of their forefathers. Guilt by association rather than true differences.

Then Ambrose had fallen in love with a Ponca woman, and Kellogg’s true nature and ambitions had come to light in his machinations of acquiring allotted Ponca land. It had been a testament to the friendship between the three of them that they’d managed to thwart their boss and give Ambrose and Bessie a life with the Ponca.

“I’ve seen Delmont,” Malcolm said, mentioning the final cog that connected them all.

Cash’s face stilled, the surprise obvious. “Where?”

“Conleyville.”

“The hell you say.”

“Why?” Malcolm asked.

“I’m on my way there. I’ve got business, and also to see my mother.”

That caught Malcolm off-guard. “Drusilla lives in Conleyville?” He had met Cash’s mother once in Tishomingo shortly after he and Cash had quit Kellogg’s outfit and come south.

“Outside of town,” Cash said, “in the Arbuckles. I don’t like her living out there alone, but she prefers the wilderness.” He took a gulp of coffee. “Is Delmont still with Kellogg?”

“I think so. He’s got something going on, and knowing him it must be related to land.”

Cash raised his brows. “In Conleyville? It’s Chickasaw territory, and he’s not Chickasaw.”

“That we know of.” But Malcolm’s response was etched in sarcasm. Both he and Cash knew that if Webb could lie about his ancestry, he wouldn’t hesitate.

Cash’s voice was quiet and contemplative as he said, “He’s after the allotments.”

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Monday, July 7, 2025

THE SWAN releases this week!!


By Kristy McCaffrey

I'm excited to share that the next Wings of the West book is almost here. The Swan is Book 11 but it can definitely be read as a standalone. This one features Anna Ryan, the eldest daughter of Logan and Claire from The Dove. She and Malcolm Hardy, her love interest, appeared in the novella The Songbird.

I started with the idea - what if The Magnificent Seven were women?

Dr. Anna Ryan - newly arrived to Conleyville in the Chickasaw Nation to assist with a surgery on a little girl

Blanche Threadgill - owner of the Threadgill Orphanage

Jane McDougal - a no-nonsense older woman who knows her way around a gun

Roberta Sturgeon - a black lawyer with retribution on her mind

Dolores Walker - Anna's cousin who is harboring a secret

Drusilla Perez - an elderly Chickasaw healer

Isabel Lawson - a young Chickasaw woman who must learn to stand up for herself

Together they'll face Webb Delmont, a man trying to take over their town. And along the way, Anna must convince Malcolm they belong together, because Malcolm's past is irrevocably tied to Delmont.


Twin Territories
November 1899

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to protect the rights of Chickasaw orphans, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy.

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman searching for answers that could lead straight to him. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

The Swan is an emotional story of a woman finding her true calling and a hero moving forward after a difficult past. It has light steam and seven women standing up for what’s right.

Available from Amazon, Apple Books, Nook, Kobo, and Google Play Books

Paperbacks coming soon!

Pre-Order Now



An excerpt from The Swan

“Did you learn why Dr. Richardson asked you here?” Malcolm asked.

“Yes,” Anna replied. “A necessary surgery is needed for a young girl at the orphanage, and she needs me to assist.”

“Is it dangerous?”

“I suppose all surgeries carry an element of risk, but Dr. Richardson is quite competent.”

“And so are you, I’m certain.”

Anna’s face warmed from the compliment.

“Can I pay you for your troubles?” he added.

She gave a slight shake of her head, feeling as if Malcolm were slipping from her reach once again.

“I’ll be here for a few more days,” she said in a rush. “Perhaps you could show me around town.”

“You mean a tour?”

She shrugged, trying to appear casual. “Why not? The mountains look pretty from here. Unless of course there’s a sweetheart who’s missing you.”

“No. There’s no one who misses me.”

The tone of his voice indicated a level of loneliness that caught Anna off guard. Malcolm had been estranged from his family for some time, and if the interaction with his pa was any indication, the two of them weren’t about to have a warm reconciliation.

How easily she had taken for granted her own family ties, a bone-deep knowing that her folks and extended family would always be there for her.

She met Malcolm’s gaze head on. “I’ve missed you.”

And with that she turned and left.


The Wings of the West Series Reading Order
Book One: The Wren
Book Two: The Dove
Book Three: The Sparrow
Book Four: The Blackbird
Book Five: The Bluebird
Book Six: The Songbird (Novella)
Book Seven: Echo of the Plains (Short Story)
Book Eight: The Starling
Book Nine: The Canary
Book Ten: The Nighthawk
Book Eleven: The Swan (Coming Soon) 

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Monday, June 2, 2025

Female U.S. Deputy Marshals of the Old West



By Kristy McCaffrey

The first female U.S. deputy marshal was Phoebe Couzins (born in 1842). Phoebe learned public service at a young age from her parents. After the Civil War, Phoebe and her mother joined the St. Louis Woman Suffrage Association, an organization promoting the rights of women to vote and hold political office. This led to Phoebe pursuing a law degree from the Washington University Law School in St. Louis. Upon graduating in 1871, Phoebe became the first female law graduate of the school. After passing the bar exam, she devoted herself to the women’s suffrage movement. She traveled the country giving speeches about women’s rights.

Phoebe Couzins

In 1884, Phoebe’s father was appointed U.S. marshal for the Eastern District of Missouri, and he made her one of his deputies. When her father died in 1887, she was appointed as interim U.S. marshal by President Cleveland, making her the first woman to serve in that position, but it only lasted two months before she was replaced. Phoebe passed away in 1913 and was buried with her U.S. marshal badge.

F.M. Miller was appointed a U.S. deputy marshal out of the federal court at Paris, Texas, in 1891. At that time, she was the only female deputy to work in Indian Territory, part of what was known as the Twin Territories which also included Oklahoma Territory.

Ada Curnutt moved to Oklahoma Territory with her sister and brother-in-law shortly after the area opened to settlers. The young woman found work as the Clerk of the District Court in Norman, OK, and then as a deputy marshal under U.S. Marshal William Grimes. Her most famous arrest occurred in March 1893 when she brought in two fugitives wanted for forgery. She was twenty-four years old.

Two additional women served as deputy marshals in Oklahoma Territory between 1897 and 1902. S.M. Burche and Mamie Fossett worked mostly in the office, but they also served writs and warrants, as well as making arrests. They were described in the press as an adventurous class of female, young, well-educated, fearless, and independent.

* * * *

A side character in THE SWAN, Dolores Walker (Anna's cousin), is an undercover U.S. Deputy Marshal.

I've also slightly changed the blurb now that the manuscript is in editing. I've included it below.

 

Pre-Order THE SWAN


(it will also be available at Kobo and in paperback on release day)

Twin Territories
November 1899 

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to protect the rights of Chickasaw orphans, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy.

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman searching for answers that could lead straight to him. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

Anna is the eldest daughter of Logan and Claire from THE DOVE.

The Wings of the West Series Reading Order
Book One: The Wren
Book Two: The Dove
Book Three: The Sparrow
Book Four: The Blackbird
Book Five: The Bluebird
Book Six: The Songbird (Novella)
Book Seven: Echo of the Plains (Short Story)
Book Eight: The Starling
Book Nine: The Canary
Book Ten: The Nighthawk
Book Eleven: The Swan (Coming Soon) 

Connect with Kristy

Monday, May 5, 2025

Arbuckle Mountains


By Kristy McCaffrey

The Arbuckle Mountains, located in the southern part of Oklahoma, are the oldest known formations in the United States between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. They were named for General Matthew Arbuckle (1778-1851), based on a nearby Fort Arbuckle that had been christened in his honor.

The mountains were part of the Chickasaw Nation within the Indian Territory until 1907 when the Twin Territories (Indian and Oklahoma) were combined under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Federal government to form the state of Oklahoma. Prior to that, the Chickasaw Nation had governed itself.

Arbuckle Mountains

There is a major lake in the region, Lake Arbuckle, as well as the Washita River. The Arbuckles are an important mining region for limestone and dolomite, although early settlers were mainly subsistence farmers and ranchers.

Arbuckle Mountains

In my upcoming release THE SWAN, the setting is Conleyville, a fictitious town in the Chickasaw Nation at the base of the Arbuckle Mountains.

Pre-Order THE SWAN


(it will also be available at Kobo and in paperback on release day)

Oklahoma Territory
November 1899 

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to liberate a town of innocents, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy.

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman who needed his help to find The Swan, a mysterious figure with a questionable reputation. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

Anna is the eldest daughter of Logan and Claire from THE DOVE. 

The Wings of the West Series Reading Order
Book One: The Wren
Book Two: The Dove
Book Three: The Sparrow
Book Four: The Blackbird
Book Five: The Bluebird
Book Six: The Songbird (Novella)
Book Seven: Echo of the Plains (Short Story)
Book Eight: The Starling
Book Nine: The Canary
Book Ten: The Nighthawk
Book Eleven: The Swan (Coming Soon) 

Connect with Kristy


Monday, April 7, 2025

The Cherokee Strip


By Kristy McCaffrey

The Cherokee Outlet was established in 1835 as a piece of land accessible to the Cherokee Nation as part of their move to a reservation in what is now northeastern Oklahoma. The Outlet was 225 miles long and 60 miles wide.

Due to a survey error, a 2.5-mile-wide tract of land that buffered the Kansas state line became known as the Cherokee Strip, and the entire Outlet was often called the Strip.

At the end of the Civil War, a new treaty with the Cherokee allowed several tribes (Ponca, Osage, Pawnee, and Nez Perce to name a few) to settle on the eastern part of the Strip. This was punishment for the Cherokee for siding with the Confederacy during the war. It also cut off their access to the western part of the Strip.

In 1880, the Cherokee Strip Livestock Association was formed and proceeded to lease the western portions for cattlemen from Texas to graze their herds, netting a steady income for the Cherokee. But due to pressure to open up the lands for white settlement, all leases were nullified by Congress in 1890, forcing the Cherokee to sell the land to the U.S. government at well below asking price. (As a side note, actual payment for this land didn’t occur until 1964 when Cherokee claims were finally settled in court.)

In September 1893, the Cherokee Outlet was opened for Oklahoma’s fourth and largest land run. It was inadequately run and chaotic, resulting in massive fraud, widespread suffering, and several deaths with over 100,000 pioneers pursuing 40,000 homesteads. Immigrants from almost every part of the U.S. and many foreign countries participated.

* * *

Pre-Order THE SWAN


(it will also be available at Kobo and in paperback on release day)

Oklahoma Territory
November 1899 

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to liberate a town of innocents, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy.

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman who needed his help to find The Swan, a mysterious figure with a questionable reputation. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

Anna is the eldest daughter of Logan and Claire from THE DOVE. 

The Wings of the West Series Reading Order
Book One: The Wren
Book Two: The Dove
Book Three: The Sparrow
Book Four: The Blackbird
Book Five: The Bluebird
Book Six: The Songbird (Novella)
Book Seven: Echo of the Plains (Short Story)
Book Eight: The Starling
Book Nine: The Canary
Book Ten: The Nighthawk
Book Eleven: The Swan (Coming Soon) 

Connect with Kristy

Monday, March 3, 2025

The Choctaw Nation and Irish History

By Kristy McCaffrey

In 1847, the Choctaw Nation sent a donation of $170 (equivalent to $5,000 today) to the town of Midleton, Ireland, located south of Dublin to support the Irish during the Potato Famine, which ravaged Ireland in the 1840’s.

Irish President Mary Robinson visited the Choctaw Nation in 1995 to thank them for their aid to Midleton. In 2017 a large stainless steel outdoor sculpture known as “Kindred Spirits” was dedicated in Bailick Park in Midleton, County Cork, Ireland, to commemorate the Choctaw gift. The shape of the feathers represents a bowl of food.

Kindred Spirits

In 2018, Ireland’s prime minister visited Choctaw Nation headquarters in Oklahoma to thank the Choctaws and initiate the first of a continuing series of yearly scholarships for Choctaw students to study in Ireland.

In 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic struck worldwide, the Irish took up a sizeable donation to aid and assist the Navajo and Hopi who suffered from a particularly high death toll. The people of Midleton stated they were “paying it forward” with the Choctaws in mind.

  * * * * *


Pre-Order THE SWAN


(it will also be available at Kobo and in paperback on release day)

Oklahoma Territory
November 1899 

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to liberate a town of innocents, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy.

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman who needed his help to find The Swan, a mysterious figure with a questionable reputation. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

Anna is the eldest daughter of Logan and Claire from THE DOVE. 

The Wings of the West Series Reading Order
Book One: The Wren
Book Two: The Dove
Book Three: The Sparrow
Book Four: The Blackbird
Book Five: The Bluebird
Book Six: The Songbird (Novella)
Book Seven: Echo of the Plains (Short Story)
Book Eight: The Starling
Book Nine: The Canary
Book Ten: The Nighthawk
Book Eleven: The Swan (Coming Soon) 

Connect with Kristy

Monday, February 3, 2025

The History of the Stethoscope

By Kristy McCaffrey

The method of listening to the sounds of the heart, lungs, and other organs is called auscultation. In 1816, a French doctor named René Laennec was examining a 40-year-old woman, and he was embarrassed to place his ear to her chest to perform an auscultation. Remembering a trick he’d learned as a child, he rolled up twenty-four sheets of paper and used it to listen to the woman’s heart.

René Laennec

The design was soon improved using wooden funnels. Laennec preferred to call his instrument Le Cylindre, but later changed it to the stethoscope, deriving from the Greek word stethos (meaning chest) and scope, a French word derived from the Latin scopium (meaning to view). It allowed him to extensively study chest diseases and especially tuberculosis, from which he eventually died.

One of Laennec's original stethoscopes

Laennec was the first to describe the auscultatory signs in medical use today, such as bruit (a whooshing sound caused by turbulent blood flow in an artery), rales (clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs), bronchophony (a patient’s voice sounds louder and clearer than normal when heard through a stethoscope), and egophony (an abnormal lung sound that occurs when a patient says the letter “E” but the sound heard through the stethoscope is changed to a nasal, bleating “A” sound).

The wooden model was used for twenty-five years until an Irish physician named Arthur Leared created a model with two earpieces (called binaural) placed at the end of stiff metal tubes. It would be another one hundred years before the next improvement: the addition of two bells (the part the doctor presses against the patient’s skin) to listen to different parts of the body at the same time, such as the heart and the lungs. By the 1940’s this was the most popular type of stethoscope. 

The current design was created in 1961—a lighter model that can listen to lower or higher pitched noises by adjusting the pressure of the bell against a patient’s body.


Pre-Order THE SWAN


(it will also be available at Kobo and in paperback on release day)


Oklahoma Territory
November 1899 

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to liberate a town of innocents, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy.

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman who needed his help to find The Swan, a mysterious figure with a questionable reputation. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

Anna is the eldest daughter of Logan and Claire from THE DOVE. 

The Wings of the West Series Reading Order
Book One: The Wren
Book Two: The Dove
Book Three: The Sparrow
Book Four: The Blackbird
Book Five: The Bluebird
Book Six: The Songbird (Novella)
Book Seven: Echo of the Plains (Short Story)
Book Eight: The Starling
Book Nine: The Canary
Book Ten: The Nighthawk
Book Eleven: The Swan (Coming Soon)


 

Connect with Kristy

Monday, November 4, 2024

Medicine in the 1800’s


By Kristy McCaffrey 

Doctors who practiced in the 19th century were generally followers of Benjamin Rush. He was a well-known physician in the 18th century who graduated from what would later become Princeton University at age 14. A brilliant and devoted practitioner who cared deeply for his patients, he nevertheless championed the principle of extreme purging and bloodletting. He believed all diseases were due to a morbid excitement induced by capillary tension, and the counteraction of treatment and outcome became termed as “allopathic” (cure by opposites). A smaller group of doctors were known as homeopaths and eclectics, but they were far fewer in number.


Benjamin Rush
 

In the 19th century physicians were generally held in low esteem, but between 1890 and 1910 there were impressive scientific advances. They included practical methods to measure blood pressure and temperature, standardized eye tests, electrocardiograms and x-rays, chemical and bacteriological tests, diphtheria antitoxin, vaccines for rabies and typhoid, the Wasserman test (a test for syphilis antibodies), and the drug Salvarsan (also known as compound 606) for the treatment of syphilis. These developments greatly advanced the practice of medicine along with the standing of physicians, which reached its peak in the 1920s.



The American Medical Association (AMA) was established in Philadelphia in 1847 in response to widespread medical quackery, the unregulation of medical schools, and the unreliability of medical journals. The AMA reached its power between the periods of 1890 to 1920. It had a Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, which regulated the pharmaceutical industry. It had a section for New and Official Remedies. The AMA also changed the focus of advertising. Earlier, companies advertised directly to the public. The AMA was able to stamp that out, allowing only advertising directly to physicians. The Council on Medical Education had the force of law, and the state licensing boards followed what the AMA wanted. The result was steadily rising standards.


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Oklahoma Territory
November 1899 

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to liberate a town of innocents, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy.

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman who needed his help to find The Swan, a mysterious figure with a questionable reputation. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

Anna is the eldest daughter of Logan and Claire from THE DOVE. 

The Wings of the West Series Reading Order
Book One: The Wren
Book Two: The Dove
Book Three: The Sparrow
Book Four: The Blackbird
Book Five: The Bluebird
Book Six: The Songbird (Novella)
Book Seven: Echo of the Plains (Short Story)
Book Eight: The Starling
Book Nine: The Canary
Book Ten: The Nighthawk
Book Eleven: The Swan (Coming Soon)


 

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