AMERICA'S CELTIC LEGACY

Irish Immigrants

By C.A. Asbrey

I'm sure it's not a surprise to anyone that Scottish and Irish immigrants to the USA have left an indelible mark on the country. As a Scot, it's a joy for me to see something straight out of my own culture writ large and proudly used a a part of America. It makes me feel included and that there's something in there for me. The way the USA has assimilated so many cultures and traditions is not only fascinating, it's a tangible link with the past still playing out in the present. In music there are so many obvious examples such as Alison Krauss singing this song which was so American it was featured in O Brother Where Art Thou.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbgfQ48hWuY
And then there's the original version in Scottish Gaelic, Sios Dhan An Abhainn - which also means Down to the River.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2toIQxHxiM

My ancestors, both Scottish and Irish, also left a linguistic mark on American English in a way which is distinctly different to the English spoken by the English. Both Caledonian English and Hiberno English are recognized as dialects in which the Gaelic grammar and syntax leaks over to change the way sentences are built. It particularly impacts on descriptions, superlatives, and the use of gerunds. Over and above that, Scotland has another language called Lallans or Scots which mixes a Germanic language with old French and Gaelic. That also seeps over to the English spoken by Scottish people and was taken to the USA in the form of some very colourful expressions which we'll look at in this post.

There were also many famous American figures who may not immediately be associated with Gaelic. Henry McCarty, aka Billy the Kid, spoke fluent Gaelic. In fact, the poorer the immigrant the more likely they were to be Irish speakers as the rich were beginning to turn away from their native tongues in both Scotland and Ireland. Gaelic was as the first language of most Irish Americans who immigrated in the big flood of Irish after the famine. A recording of Clark Hust, a cowboy who reportedly worked on a ranch with the infamous gunslinger, tells us that Billy the Kid helped translate Irish for his employer. In the recording, Hust tells that while he and Billy the Kid were working at the ranch, the owner, Pat Coghlan, had a niece, Mary, who came from Ireland to stay with the family. The girl could only speak Irish and Coghlan spoke only English, so they used the Kid who spoke both English and Irish as a translator. Newspapers from the period were checked. Coghlan’s niece really did visit, which meant that Hust was not lying about her existence. 

Billy the Kid

Academics steeped in the classics and linguistic training based only on the English taught in the haughty circles of academia often dismissed some word origins as unknown or slang. It took a proper academic examination of the language by scholars who understood the linguistic roots of the Goidelic branch of Indo European tongues to pull apart words and phrases which were previously dismissed as Americanisms to find that they were, in fact, a form of Gaelic which melted into the lexicon of 19th century America.

Of course there are many in use in the English language in general like brogue (bròg) trousers (triubhas), slogan (sluagh-ghairm meaning battle cry) and even glamour (Lallans meaning magic, enchantment).

Daniel Cassidy's book, “How the Irish Invented Slang”, and Niall Ó Donaill's “Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla” has helped to unravel the origins of words now thought of as American. I've added a few of my own too.

Gaelic words used in American English -  both Irish and Scottish

Poker - Surely the most iconic of card games played by cowboys? Scottish - pòca Irish - póca.
The eagle-eyed of you might note that the word is the same but the direction of the accent changes. Irish and Scottish Gaelic are related  but they are not the same. There are many differences, but some words are, indeed, very similar.

Sap/saphead - This one is Scottish and comes from the Lallans word for bread soaked in milk to be given to invalids and infants. It literally means soft-headed.

Shindig - From sìnteag (Scottish) to skip, or jump around.

Shindig!

Whiskey or Whisky - Scottish spelling is without the 'e'. I'm sure everyone knows that it comes from the Gaelic and means the water of life in both Scottish and Irish.

Yeah, right  - That typical cynical response may not seem very Celtic, but it does seem typically American and defies the norm in English on double negatives and the apocryphal double positives. It does, however,  translate directly from the Irish phrase commonly expressed by many people challenging authority, "Mar dhea". It also perfectly displays the way superlatives are built in Gaelic by adding words together. Another example of this is the way the Scottish term for boss translates literally as 'the high head one.' Another example of this syntax came over to English as out and out. That is a direct lift from Scottish 'amach is amach' to add intensity to the words coming next.

Shanty - Irish and Scottish Gaelic sean taigh meaning an old house 

Shanty

Gee is the approximate pronunciation of Dia, or the word for God in both Scottish and Irish Gaelic

Holy cow - is Holy Cathú or Holy Cahoo or Holy Grief.

Darn it is another Gaelic exclamation. In Irish you say daithairne ort, which means, "misfortune on you."

Gee whiz comes from Dia Uas pronounced Geeuh Woous which means "noble god."

Hillbilly - The pejorative term for people living in rural areas of the United States, particularly around the Ozark Mountains (Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas) and Appalachia, initially related to the 18th-century Ulster Protestant settlers in the Appalachian Mountains. Some think the term comes from supporters of King William III, Billy’s Boys; others point to a Scottish word for companion, “billie”, combining both the Ulster and Scottish terms. It should be noted that the protestant followers of William of Orange were natural enemies to the Catholic Irish, hence the unflattering connotations. 

Hillbilly

Swell  - the word sóúil or "luxurious"

Ballyhoo - Is basically the phonetic pronunciation of bailliú, which means exactly the same thing.

Swanky -  the Irish word somhaoineach or "valuable".

Buddy is another Irish Gaelic word, which comes from the Irish expression, a bhodaigh, which means something like "pal." The root of the word bhodaigh is strangely, bod, which is the Irish word for penis, and pronounced like bud.

Can - If you kick a guy in the can, you're kicking him in his ceann which is the "extremity" of a thing, and also "head," which is at the other end from the tail end.

Skedaddle in a jiffy - you are sciord ar dólámh (make an all out slip) in a deifir (in a hurry). Trust me. They sound alike when I say them. Gaelic isn't very phonetic.

'Messing with'  and other gerunds - this gerund meaning, to trifle with was first seen in print in mainstream English in 1903, but like most colloquial terms was in full use long before it transmitted to the world of English academia. It's quoted in the Dictionary of Scots Language as far back as 1340 and is a direct transposition of the way the Scots words 'footer' or 'bauderin' are used. Gaelic doesn't have Gerunds, it has verbal nouns instead. Gaelic expresses habitual aspect in present tense. It also borrows from Gaelic syntax with the use of the durative tense, which means the translation of mess has to turn into 'messing'. Passive tenses in Gaelic speech patterns also show that things are at, or with, a person. Both Scots and Irish are more likely to say things like, "He is after eating his dinner" versus, "He has eaten his dinner" They are also likely to use the dative as in, "The fire went out on me" (very American) or "The soup boiled over on me". Therefore someone teasing or annoying someone is likely to be told they are 'messing with' them, using the verbs in a previously unEnglish way which is now very American.

Verb nouns didn't exist in Old English, but did persist in the Celtic fringes in a way which differentiated the way people actually spoke to the written form. John McWhorter stresses again and again in Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue how unique English is, how odd these constructions are, and how therefore they must have come from the Celtic languages. It also explains why English is the only Germanic language to develop them.

The syntax leaks over in other areas too. Where British people would say, "She resigned on Thursday", Americans often say, "She resigned Thursday." US English will also drop the word 'on' before stating a date in a sentence.

I know many Americans are very proud of their ancestry. I hope this post helps you feel part of something else they left behind - their language - and it is still recognizable back in the old country to the present day.

Blurb: 

After suffering a horrific loss, Nat and Abi must try to piece their lives together, build a future, and repair the past. But before they can figure out their own complicated relationship, they must unite to help Jake find his children—no easy task, since their mother has disappeared, and they’ve been left with a priest who is bent on giving them away!

In a maelstrom of grief, anger, and legal complications, one of Abi’s friends, Dr. Vida Cadwallader, also a female Pinkerton, steps up to help. As Vida tries to help The Innocents make sense of what’s happening, she soon becomes embroiled in mysterious happenings within the brutal insane asylum where she consults part-time. When one of her colleagues is murdered, Vida quickly becomes a suspect.

With no time to lose, Vida, Abi, Jake, and Nat band together to free one of the asylum’s unwilling patients who may hold the key to all their unanswered questions—if she only lives long enough to survive the escape.  Now, with an unknown murderer on the loose as well, time is running short for them to find the children, solve the crime, and spirit the patient away to safety. Can they keep their necks out of the noose and buy enough time to solve the mystery shrouding their lives? Can anyone make sense of this world of shadows, darkness, and madness?

Excerpt

A wobble on the mattress jolted Sewell out of the arms of his dream-woman. He grunted and shifted under the covers, moving onto his other side. He suddenly felt a dead weight on top of him, an immobilizing, ponderous pressure which left him paralyzed and unable to move. Sewell gasped, sucking in a breath of a sweet, sickly miasma which filled his lungs as he took short pants of fear. His eyelids opened snapped open as the horror of his immobility climbed. He was pinned beneath his bedclothes, unable to move a limb, except for the feet which flailed and floundered beneath the tangling sheets.

He tried to cry out but found his impotent screams lost in the fabric jamming his mouth. He lay, pinned to the bed, rigid and immobilized as his eyes became accustomed to the darkness and a figure loomed into view. Sewell’s heart stilled at the sight of a hideous crone looming over him, her wild white hair standing straight out from her head in a tangled mass in every direction. Her lips curled back in disdain around a mouth which appeared to be laughing, but not a sound was to be heard. The hag’s eyes were in shadow, lending her the appearance of a screaming skull floating above him. She sat on his chest, rendering him unable to scream, or even move as the smell filled his nostrils. It felt like powerful arms and legs kept him pinned down. What kind of nightmare was this?

The gorgon pressed close, so close he could feel the heat of her breath on his face. All he could do was blink and tremble, too stupefied to move. It seemed like the longest time before the blackness crept in, and his eyelids dropped closed once more. The nightmare didn’t leave, it took him; engulfing him entirely until he felt nothing.

Dawn crept in by inches, the dark transitioning from black to gray, until the low morning sunshine added a warming brightness to the scene. The shadows were as long as the sunbeams were cleansing, chasing down the retreating darkness to a mere frown until the morning smiled on another new day. The sun’s confidence grew, climbing higher in the sky, proud of the majestic light which gave life and succor to the whole planet—well, not all of it. Sewell Josephson never saw another day. That day saw him though, swinging gently by the creaking rope fixed to the newel post at the turn of the staircase on the top landing. The ligature bit into the neck below the engorged face from which a purple tongue protruded from his dead gaping mouth.

The only life in the house stared at the figure with unblinking black eyes and a twitching tail. The cat turned her head at the sound of a key in the back door. A human at last. Maybe the cook would know what do to?

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C.A.Asbrey

Chris Asbrey has lived and worked all over the world in the Police Service, Civil Service, and private industry, working for the safety, legal rights, and security of the public. A life-changing injury meant a change of course into contract law and consumer protection for a department attached to the Home Office.     

In that role she produced magazine and newspaper articles based on consumer law and wrote guides for the Consumer Direct Website. She was Media Trained, by The Rank Organization, and acted as a consultant to the BBC's One Show and Watchdog. She has also been interviewed on BBC radio answering questions on consumer law to the public. 

She lives with her husband and two daft cats in Northamptonshire, England—for now. She’s moving to the beautiful medieval city of York.

Where to find C.A.:

Blog - C.A Asbrey - all things obscure and strange in the Victorian period  http://caasbrey.com/

The Innocents Mystery Series Group  https://www.facebook.com/groups/937572179738970/ 

Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/mysteryscrivener/

Amazon - https://www.amazon.com/author/caasbrey

Twitter - https://twitter.com/CAASBREY

Goodreads - https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/17899618.C_A_Asbrey

Bookbub https://www.bookbub.com/profile/c-a-asbrey

Link to latest book - In All Innocence - mybook.to/InnocentMinds

     

Madame Blavatsky

By Kristy McCaffrey

Helena Petrovna Blavatsky was an unconventional figure to emerge from the Victorian era, a time of high morals and puritanical behavior. Born in Russia in 1831, she was self-educated and widely-traveled, developing an interest in Western esotericism during her teenage years. She also claimed to be a psychic.

The rise of science in the 19^th century had had a paradoxical effect—it undermined faith in Christianity and the literal word of the Bible while also creating an enormous void for an explanation to the mysteries of the universe. People became caught up in table-rapping, materialization, séances, clairvoyance, palmistry, and crystal-gazing.

In 1849, Blavatsky visited Europe, the Americas, and India, and it was during this period that she encountered a group of spiritual adepts known as the Masters of the Ancient Wisdom. They sent her to Tibet where she developed her psychic powers. Many critics dispute these claims, saying she fabricated these travels.

By the 1870’s, Blavatsky was involved in the Spiritualist movement, supporting the existence of Spiritualist phenomena (making contact with elementals and spirits). In 1875, she co-founded the Theosophical Society, describing Theosophy (wisdom of the gods) as “the synthesis of science, religion and philosophy.” Based heavily on occult teachings and Eastern religions, her work in the Theosophy movement influenced the spread of Hindu and Buddhist ideas in the West, with some Theosophists becoming Buddhists.

According to Blavatsky’s biographer, Marion Meade, people across the globe furiously debated whether the medium was “a genius, a consummate fraud, or simply a lunatic.” Madame Blavatsky had professed to be a virgin, but in fact, she had two husbands and an illegitimate son. She claimed to be an apostle of asceticism but smoked up to two hundred cigarettes a day and swore like a soldier. She was considered an enlightened guru while at the same time ridiculed as a fraudulent charlatan and plagiarist, but there is no doubt that her ideas eventually led to the New Age movement in the 1970’s.

Blavatsky died of influenza in 1891 at the age of 59 in the home of her disciple and successor, Annie Besant.

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Sour Puss

Valentine’s Day is usually associated with giving small tokens of affection to a loved one or friend, most often in the form of a card and often said with chocolate. The tradition of bestowing tokens of affection to one’s love interest is centuries old. Before the mass production of cheaply manufactured cards in the early 1800s, that token was often a hand-written note or poem. The earliest surviving example of a valentine dates to the 15^th century.

Sorry. Not the scandalous one

However, it was during the Victorian period that commercially making and then sending a valentine card really took off. The availability of cheap paper, relatively inexpensive postage, and newer printing techniques allowed for this explosion of card sending. Mailing a valentine granted anonymity to the sender and some of the cards were very racy for the time period. One card from the period allows the recipient to raise the cover’s crinoline and reveal a scandalous red-stockinged ankle.

There is one tradition of the valentine from the Victorian era that might seem surprising today—and one that there are times some of us might have wished for still—and that is the “vinegar valentine.” The vinegar valentine finally seemed to die away by 1940.

Definitely not politically correct

These valentines were also a product of the anonymity of the post and were often very vulgar and in some cases downright cruel. While looking for these images, I even found one that someone wrote up for an Army surgeon during the Civil War. 

Corsets, Society and Frontier Women

In the Victorian Era, during which most western historical romances are set, women were regarded as the weaker sex and corsets a necessity to protect their virtue and support their “fragile” bodies. Tight lacing indicated a virtuous woman, loose lacing a loose woman.

 

It didn’t seem to disturb men or even women that the devices made deep breathing impossible, caused fainting, led to lung infections, deformed internal organs and caused many miscarriages. Yes, maternity corsets were available but, rather than provide helpful support, they were designed to constrict the pregnancy. I hate to think what this did to the mother and baby.

 

Doctors were well aware of these ill effects. The following is from an article published in the British medical journal, The Lacet and reprinted in the The Time of London.

“Our old friend, tight-lacing, has again made his appearance. ... The folly is one which was formerly to be found mainly in the drawing-room, but now it also fills our streets. ... as medical practitioners, we see its effects every day in the train of nervous and dyspeptic symptoms … and in the still more grave internal mischief of permanent character which is often caused by it.”

Corsets also seriously restricted movement. After donning a chemise to protect the corset from body oil, it was advisable for a woman to put on her drawers, stockings, garters and shoes before being laced up because she wouldn’t be able to bend over afterward. How could a woman encased in layer upon layer of clothing, bone or metal stays, and laced up tight, ride a horse? Well, there were corsets designed especially for riding, cut higher over the hips to allow sitting in a saddle – a side saddle that is. Ladies did not ride astride, not by society standards.

In an article posted on http://lacingliaisons.wordpress.com/page/2/ the author states: “In the 19th century, officers in The Cavalry would wear corsets for back support while horseback riding. A well patterned and constructed steel boned corset can be a suitable replacement for a back brace (under advisement from your physician, of course). During a high impact activity such as horseback riding, extra support can be beneficial to the spine and also help prevent immediate and long term back pain.”

However, I’m pretty sure neither those society ladies nor the cavalry officers performed all the tasks required of a frontier wife and mother. Quoting an article about clothing on the American Frontier by Susan Jarrett, on her site History of Fashion and Dress:

 

“While there is evidence of high fashion entering the frontier, it can be surmised that for the average American settler of the early frontier, practicality and functionality mattered more than high style. A frontier family's day was filled with hard labor and long hours. For women, skirt lengths were shorter, necklines higher, and sleeves were close fitting. Both women and children wore large sunbonnets or woven hats to protect their skin from the sun. Aprons and smocks were worn to protect clothing from the laborious chores of frontier life.”

 

Nowhere does the author mention corsets, and although she was writing about an earlier period (1800-1840) it’s safe to assume the same applied to women on the advancing frontier through at least the 1880s, and probably longer. If a ranch wife needed to mount a horse and help her husband push cattle, which some did, she’d most likely put on a pair of boots, hike up her skirts and ride astride. As an alternative, she might sew a divided skirt or buy one readymade if available. Such a skirt wouldn’t be tailored. It would contain yards of cotton, wool, corduroy or possibly denim in later decades. It would be hot and heavy, but worn with a shirt and jacket, it had to provide more comfort than a tightly laced corset.

Now here’s an excerpt from Dearest Irish illustrating a shy young woman’s dilemma over what to wear for her riding lessons.

Jack insisted she learn to ride on a man’s saddle, saying it was more natural and safer. Tye grumbled but couldn’t say no since his wife pointed out she’d always ridden astride before growing heavy with child. Rose expressed no opinion in the matter until Lil casually mentioned she would need to wear a pair of men’s trousers for riding. Horrified at the thought, Rose stared at her wide-eyed from her chair at the kitchen table, where she sat peeling apples for a pie.

“What? No! I can’t,” she protested.

“Why not? I did,” Lil said, frowning from across the table as she shucked corn for dinner. Her mother stood between them, preparing dough for the pie.

“Ye did? But how could ye display yourself so . . .?” Rose bit back the word she’d been about to utter, not wishing to insult her sister-in-law, but it was too late.

Lil narrowed her eyes. “So brazenly? Is that what you were going to say?”

“I-I meant no offense,” Rose stammered, clutching a paring knife in one hand and a half peeled apple in the other. “But I’m not as b-brave as yourself. I simply can’t wear trousers.”

“Even if it means never riding your Brownie and knowing he’ll be shot?”

“Oh, please don’t say that!” Rose cried. Her eyes filled with tears. Dropping the knife, she clapped a hand over her trembling lips, fighting to hold back a flood of regret.

“There is another way,” Rebecca said. Wiping her hands on the long white apron draped over her dress, she glanced at Rose. “I could make a riding skirt for you.”

“You mean one of those split skirts like Jessie wears?” Lil asked dubiously. “I don’t know how she climbs aboard a horse with all that skirt dragging on her.”

“She manages.” Motioning Rose to her feet, Rebecca looked her up and down carefully. “You are about the same size as your sister. Perhaps she will let me use one of her skirts as a pattern.”

“I’m sure she would,” Rose said, a surge of hope helping to dry her eyes. Recalling the riding skirt she’d once seen on Jessie, she thought she could stand to wear such a garment. Certainly it was better than figure-hugging trousers. If it allowed her to ride Brownie, thereby saving his life, she would do it.

Word was sent to Jessie and she immediately supplied not only a skirt, but the paper pattern she’d used to make it. At Rebecca’s request, Tye escorted Rose and her into Clifton, the nearest town, where Lil’s mother chose a durable corded fabric suitable for their purposes. While there, Tye also outfitted Rose with a plaid work shirt, a pair of thick-heeled western boots, and a Stetson hat much like the one he wore.

Once back at the ranch, Rebecca wasted no time in cutting out the pieces for Rose’s skirt. With Lil pitching in to help, the three of them finished sewing it within two days.

On the morning her lessons were to commence with Jack, Rose hesitantly stepped out of the house wearing her blue plaid shirt and grayish blue riding skirt. She’d pinned her long hair into a tight knot at her nape beneath the brim of her brown hat. Walking cautiously in the unfamiliar boots, she tugged on a pair of leather gloves borrowed from her sister-in-law.

Lil had assured her she looked fine; Tye had merely raised an eyebrow and shrugged at her appearance. Still, when Rose spotted Jack standing by the corral, watching her approach, she blushed hotly, feeling self-conscious in her strange new clothes.

“Morning. You ready to learn?” he asked as she drew near.

“Aye, I’m ready.” Painfully aware of his gaze upon her and his imposing size, she studied the ground. Much to her relief, he made no comment about her changed attire.

Dearest Irish (Texas Devlins, Rose’s Story)

http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CK9LGA2 (Kindle)

http://www.amazon.com/Dearest-Irish-Texas-Devlins-Volume/dp/1490384839  (paperback)

http://tinyurl.com/l64ctss (Nook)