Medicine in the 1800’s

By Kristy McCaffrey 

Doctors who practiced in the 19^th century were generally followers of Benjamin Rush. He was a well-known physician in the 18^th century who graduated from what would later become Princeton University at age 14. A brilliant and devoted practitioner who cared deeply for his patients, he nevertheless championed the principle of extreme purging and bloodletting. He believed all diseases were due to a morbid excitement induced by capillary tension, and the counteraction of treatment and outcome became termed as “allopathic” (cure by opposites). A smaller group of doctors were known as homeopaths and eclectics, but they were far fewer in number.

Benjamin Rush

 

In the 19th century physicians were generally held in low esteem, but between 1890 and 1910 there were impressive scientific advances. They included practical methods to measure blood pressure and temperature, standardized eye tests, electrocardiograms and x-rays, chemical and bacteriological tests, diphtheria antitoxin, vaccines for rabies and typhoid, the Wasserman test (a test for syphilis antibodies), and the drug Salvarsan (also known as compound 606) for the treatment of syphilis. These developments greatly advanced the practice of medicine along with the standing of physicians, which reached its peak in the 1920s.

The American Medical Association (AMA) was established in Philadelphia in 1847 in response to widespread medical quackery, the unregulation of medical schools, and the unreliability of medical journals. The AMA reached its power between the periods of 1890 to 1920. It had a Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, which regulated the pharmaceutical industry. It had a section for New and Official Remedies. The AMA also changed the focus of advertising. Earlier, companies advertised directly to the public. The AMA was able to stamp that out, allowing only advertising directly to physicians. The Council on Medical Education had the force of law, and the state licensing boards followed what the AMA wanted. The result was steadily rising standards.

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Oklahoma Territory
November 1899 

Dr. Anna Ryan has been spurned by the Dallas medical community for the simple reason of being a woman. Wanting more than a rural practice alongside her mother, also a doctor, Anna accepts an invitation from a mentor to join a private hospital for disabled children in Oklahoma City. But when she falls in with a band of women attempting to liberate a town of innocents, she’ll need more than her medical training to survive.

Malcolm Hardy has skirted the line between lawlessness and justice since escaping the mean streak of his father and his no-good half-siblings a decade ago. In Oklahoma Territory he created enough distance from his family name to find a quiet purpose to his days. But then Anna Ryan walks back into his life, and his hard-won peace is in jeopardy.

The last time Malcolm saw Anna, she had been a determined girl he couldn’t help but admire. Now she was a compelling woman who needed his help to find The Swan, a mysterious figure with a questionable reputation. But one thing was clear—Anna’s life path was on a trajectory for the remarkable while Malcolm’s was not. Surrendering to temptation would only end in heartbreak.

Anna is the eldest daughter of Logan and Claire from THE DOVE. 

The Wings of the West Series Reading Order
Book One: The Wren
Book Two: The Dove
Book Three: The Sparrow
Book Four: The Blackbird
Book Five: The Bluebird
Book Six: The Songbird (Novella)
Book Seven: Echo of the Plains (Short Story)
Book Eight: The Starling
Book Nine: The Canary
Book Ten: The Nighthawk
Book Eleven: The Swan (Coming Soon)

 

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