I suspect many of you are aware of the expression that
it is like comparing apples to oranges. As part of my research for Joshua’s
Bride, set partially in the
old Cherokee Outlet of what is now Oklahoma, I found a fruit that is both neither and both.
My adventure began when I needed a quarter section of
property in the Outlet for my heroine, Rose Calloway, to claim. You see, she
did not intend to claim land during the 1893 land run. However, her sister,
Marigold, did. Marigold wanted a town plot in the Ponca City Township being
formed along the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe rail line that already ran
through the Cherokee Outlet. Since the sisters had a little money set aside,
Marigold insisted Rose register for a certificate so the two of them could stay
together. Marigold also decided they would ride the train.
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Cattle cars full of land seekers behind locomotive
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All well and good, except when the sisters prepared to
board the train, they discovered the seats in the passenger coaches were
already full—not with others running for land, but gawkers.
Thrill-seekers.
You see, life in the 1890s must have been rather dull. Events
such that this land run were high excitement. Sitting in the comfort of railroad
passenger coaches while watching the idiots running, racing their horses,
driving their wagons to the point many animals stumbled and wagons crashed –
people getting run over –people and animals getting injured or killed, that was fun. Then,
there were those who shot and killed to take land claimed by others. Some were burned to death by those who set
prairie fires to burn out legitimate claimants—all so they could claim the land
themselves. For those spectators in the passenger cars merely along for the ride, it was like watching a fast-moving video game or the block-buster
action-packed adventure movie of the century. The difference was, there were no stunt actors – it all happened to real people.
So, by the time those, like my two sisters, prepared to board
the train to find land to claim, they could either climb on top of the
passenger cars and ride up there, or get into the open-air cattle pen cars the
rail line had so considerately provided.
The sisters ended up in a cattle car. To keep the run “fair”
for those on horseback, the rules forbade the trains to travel over fifteen
miles per hour. The trains were to slow occasionally to allow those who wished to leave to
get off. All well and good until Rose, pinned against the fence next to the gate, was
accidentally pushed off the train by one of the men who wished to exit. Some
who jumped from the train were injured. Rose temporarily had the wind knocked
out of her. Through the tumult she heard her sister yell, “Run for land.”
Rose was on the wrong side of the train to run to the
Arkansas River to the east. Instead, she saw a line of trees in the distance to
the west. Trees meant there was water close by. She took off running.
Here is my journey for finding her creek.
On an 1890
map of the region, I found an unnamed creek running north to south just to the
west of the railroad tracks. I searched Google Maps. Changing it to terrain
mode and bringing it in close, I found a creek about two miles west of what is
today Ponca City. I found a quarter section of land for Rose. (Google Maps very
considerately takes its images so that it shows the quarter sections blocked
off when viewing the map.) Her quarter section included the creek and had a
thick band of foliage growing on each bank. The creek was named the name: Bois d’ Arc.
Never heard of it.
What does Bois d’ Arc mean?
And, what in the midst of all that flat grassland of
Oklahoma was that dark border of foliage that followed the creek?
Hop – hop – jump! Down the research rabbit hole.
Bois d’ Arc is a
name given to the tree by French trappers because they learned the
native tribes used the tough wood to make their bows.
Other names for this tree are Osage Orange, Bow Wood, Bodark,
Hedge Apple, and Horse Apple. It is now found across the United States.
Originally, this tree’s range was largely restricted to the southern Great
Plains of Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas. It is a small to medium-sized dioecious
tree, meaning male and female flowers occur on separate trees.
The trees that bear the large, green, round fruits are
female. Both male and female plants have thorny branches, pointed, ovate
leaves, very hard wood, and white, milky sap.
The tree is a member of the mulberry family. When immature,
it is covered with inch-long thorns. It bears a round fruit that looks similar
to an orange without a rind. The first tree that Lewis and Clark sent from St.
Louis to the East was the “Osage Apple,” which the French trader, Pierre
Chouteau, obtained from the Osage Indians three hundred miles to the south and
west. Thomas Nuttall, a philanthropist and printer who was a co-founder of the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science, was the first botanist to explore
Arkansas. He gave the tree its scientific name.
In the 1840s, the time before barbed wire, the idea of hedge
row plantings as a living fence became popular. The thorny Horse Apple/Osage
Orange tree was an obvious choice. Closely-planted Bois d’ Arc trees created a
hedge that kept cattle in an unwanted persons out.
In his 1858 book, "Hedges and Evergreens," John
Warden writes from Cincinnati that "It is no longer a matter of
experiment, whether the Osage Orange will make a fence or not. It is a proved
fact that ... a hedge can be grown in four years, so compact that no kind of
stock can pass it."
In 1855, 1, 000 bushels of seeds of Osage Orange seeds were shipped from Texas
and Arkansas to Illinois for as much as $50 per bushel.
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Bois d' Arc Tree in Autumn
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The hedging movement became less popular with the increased
use of barbed wire. However the wire still needed posts, and the trees were
used for that.
In Joshua’s
Bride, I wrote under the assumption that the Bois d’ Arc tree that gave
the creek its name was the plant that crowded both sides of its banks. This
book, the first in the Land Run Mail Order Brides, is available. Please find
the book description and purchase options by CLICKING HERE.
Sources:
http://okfronline.com/2017/11/grazing-oklahoma-bois-darc/
http://blogoklahoma.us/post.aspx?id=449
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