Most readers, when they think about the military, think
about the troops—the fighting units. However, there is a lot more to keeping an
army together. Enter the Quartermaster, Ordnance department, and Commissary, or
subsistence.
Today, I wish to talk about subsistence.
There is the saying that the Army marches on its
stomach. Someone has to see the men get their rations. That duty falls to what
is called the commissary officer.
In
1775, the Continental Congress established the Army and named George Washington
its commanding general. That same year, Congress created the Office of the
Commissary General of Stores and Purchases to provide the Army's daily rations.
Officers in charge of subsistence operations were known as chief commissaries,
while their staff consisted of assistant commissaries and commissary sergeants.
It was the commissary department’s responsibility to
purchase the subsistence stores. The principal
articles of the ration of the soldiers were pork, bacon, beef, flour, beans, and other articles of farm produce.
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Commissary Tent Army of the Potomac- June 1863
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Fifty
years later, the commissariat, as it was then known, began selling food items –
which at the time were also known as commissaries or commissary items – from
its warehouses "at cost" to Army officers for their personal use. By
1841, officers could also purchase items for their families.
Providing adequate rations during wartime was always a
challenge. With the Mexican-American war, distance was often a troublesome
factor. During the Civil War, both sides worked at disrupting the supply lines
of the opposing army, and non-combatant civilians paid the price in dealing
with frequent raiding parties commandeering their food to feed the troops.
The army ration
is the established daily allowance of
food for one person. It was fixed by the army regulations as follows:
Twelve ounces of pork or bacon, or canned beef (fresh
or corned), or one pound and four ounces of fresh beef, or twenty-two ounces of
salt beef; eighteen ounces of soft bread or flour, or sixteen ounces of hard
bread, or one pound and four ounces of corn meal; and to have, every one hundred rations, fifteen pounds of pease or
beans, or ten pounds of rice or hominy; ten pounds of green coffee, or eight of
roasted (or roasted and ground) coffee, or two pounds of tea; fifteen pounds of
sugar, four quarts of vinegar; four pounds of soap; four pounds of salt; four
ounces of pepper; one pound and eight ounces of adamantine or star candles; and
to troops in the field, when necessary, four pounds of yeast powder to one
hundred rations of flour.
This ration was so large that, if the food was
wholesome and supplied in full, the soldier fared very well. In many cases in
the permanent posts the companies were more than able to maintain their mess on
the rations issued. The surplus was used to purchase extra articles for their
mess, or applied to the company fund to be expended for the benefit of the
company.
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| Group at commissary depot Aquia Creek Landing, Virginia, Feb. 1863 |
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Under the best conditions,
providing rations for nineteenth century soldiers was difficult. Yet, the soldier's usefulness depended to a large degree
upon his health. The free open life of the army tended to take care of his
physical condition if his food was wholesome. The farther away the troops are
from their source of food supplies, the more challenging keeping them in
rations becomes. On the Kansas frontier, at one point, the companies stationed
at Fort Monument, one of the smaller posts at a stagecoach station, marched to
Fort Wallace because they ran out of rations and had no assurance when more
would arrive.
As part of my research for my books set in 1860s
frontier Kansas, much of the fresh meat provided the soldiers stationed there
was bison. Along with other white settlers, stagecoach personnel, and railroad
crews, the troopers spent their off-time hunting.
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Army Commissioners Department
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At frontier outposts, the mainstays of the common
ration were likely to be salt port, beans, hard bread, and coffee. Soldiers
supplemented their diets by hunting, fishing, gathering wild plants, and
cultivating vegetable gardens, such as the one shown in this post's header which was taken at Fort Laramie. Officers' families often kept livestock. Soldiers
spent their own money to buy extra food from the post trader or, prior to 1867,
the post sutler.
In the field, a commissary, or subsistence, officer was
not a separate Army designation like a quartermaster. Rather he was a line
officer in a fighting unit or at a military post designated as an acting commissaries of subsistence. Each received
an extra $20 per month less the value of a ration. They were charged
with providing rations for the troops.
The establishment
of a military post in a region created a market for grains, horses,
mules and cattle. Sometimes, something just as desirable and important were fresh
vegetables. Without leafy greens or potatoes to help see the men through the
winters, the Army dealt with increased cases of scurvy in the winter. The result was, if the Indian danger was not too great and
suitable lands could be obtained, that small settlements of farmers and
ranchers would spring up, depending upon the post for a market. For this reason, military authorities encouraged the opening of
farms and ranches near the post
Supply a military post with these food items often
became the sole support of the settlers and the only reason for its existence. Once
a fort was abandoned because its purpose had been served, it sometimes meant
the end of the nearby settlement. Even though the commissary department tried
to obtain its supplies near the points of consumption, it was almost
impossible. Many food stores had to freighted to the posts, which was usually
done by contract freighters.
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Commissary Clerks Aquia Creek Landing, Virginia
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At the end of the Civil War, there was a major change in how
subsistence was handled. As Congress made provisions for a “peacetime” Army,
even though said army spent years battling the native tribes that resisted
being forced onto reservations, it passed the act of July 28, 1866, entitled
"An Act to increase and fix the Military Peace Establishment of the United
States."
Congress authorized the Army to sell goods at
cost from its subsistence warehouses to officers and enlisted men alike,
beginning on July 1, 1867. This was the start of the modern commissary benefit.
No geographical restrictions were placed on these sales, which could take place
at all Army posts, from the frontier to the east coast.
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Reconstructed Sutler's Store, Fort Laramie
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The post sutlers were done away with. They could continue to sell
to Army personnel as free traders. However, they could no longer put liens on
soldiers’ pay to cover the items sold. Also, the commissary department started
their program of providing goods at cost to the military posts with the intent
that they be available for purchase by officers and enlisted men alike. The
transition was rough, and the stores that showed up at the posts often left
much to be desired. However, the objective was that no longer would officers need
to purchase for themselves and their families what was referred to as fine
stores—better food over and above standard military rations—and have them
shipped to a post. The commissary department would provide the items for sale.
The subsistence
warehouses of the nineteenth century were gradually replaced by Army-run grocery
stores called sales commissaries, which sold items at cost, providing soldiers
good food at reasonable prices. By 1868, customers could choose from an
official 82-item stock list, which was comparable to civilian dry-goods grocery
stores at the time.
From these humble beginnings, members from all of the
military branches today have access to commissaries across the world.
In
my most recently published book, Hannah’s
Highest Regard, the story takes place in Kansas. Jake is a
quartermaster kept busy with providing supplies and livestock to his assigned
fort to deal with the increase of soldiers and the demands of dealing with
hostile Native Americans, primarily Cheyenne. The issue of subsistence for Fort Riley is assigned to another lieutenant who becomes interesetd in Hannah. You may
find the book description and purchase link for that book by CLICKING HERE.
The first book about Hannah Atwell, the one that introduces us to Jake Burdock, is titled Hannah's Handkerchief. You may find the book description and purchase link by CLICKING HERE.
Sources:
https://kshs.org/kansapedia/fort-ellsworth/17158
https://kshs.org/p/supplying-the-frontier-military-posts/12750
https://history.army.mil/books/R&H/R&H-Sub.htm
https://www.commissaries.com/our-agency/newsroom/news-releases/commissaries-army-share-proud-legacy-service
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