Friday, December 4, 2020

That Old Literary Trope, the Doppelganger Switcharoo

  By Patti Sherry-Crews


Look-a-likes trading places. I’ve been hooked on that trope since as a child I watched the 1930’s classic Prince and the Pauper starring Errol Flynn. The movie about a poor boy trading places with the Tudor prince was based on the novel by Mark Twain. It was Twain’s first attempt at historical fiction.

In fact, I was raised with this idea. Who's old enough to remember the Patty Duke Show?  But they're cousins, identical cousins all the way. One pair of matching bookends, different as night and day. And then there was the Parent Trap. Even if you're too young to have seen the Hayley Mills version, there was a remake with Lindsay Lohan.






Other favorite novels of mine employing this device are A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, The Scapegoat by Daphne Du Maurier, and more recently the Likeness by Tana French. The idea of switching lives with someone so alike you that you fool everyone, but then have to navigate a new social circle and pretend familiarity events not of your experience is ripe with anxiety, adventure, and unintentional humor.

When I wrote my historical western romance, Den of Thieves, I gave this plot device a shot. Wynne Palmatier is a mild-mannered shopkeeper, but when his notorious outlaw twin brother, Ennis, is captured, the Pinkerton Agency seize this opportunity by sending Wynne into the den of thieves to infiltrate the gang. 




Before setting off, Wynne has a long jail-side chat with Ennis. He learns the lay of the land and details of the other gang members. He learns everything he needs to know about his brother to successfully insert himself into the outlaw gang. Or does he? 

Bad twin, Ennis, can’t help but set traps to trip up his always perfect twin. What would happen if he left out crucial information such as there are also two women living at the hideout—and one of them is his wife.

We read as Wynne scrapes by, faking his way, having to do things that go against this law-abiding nature, and even falls in love. The experience alters our hero, who discovers his inner alpha male.

The story, full of twists and turns, is set against the aftermath of two major events that transformed the west: the Civil War and the great blizzard of 1887. People drifted west, including battle-scarred men. The Great Blizzard changed ranching from open range to enclosed fields, and as a consequence many a cowboy found himself out of work and in desperate circumstances. This soup of hard men was a recipe for the formation of outlaw gangs. 

Den of Thieves takes place in the waning days of the outlaw gangs. Newspapers, the telegraph system, and the railroad made a life on the run less desirable. My outlaw gang has seen better days by the time Wynne joins them.


Excerpt from Den of Thieves in which Wynne, who has managed to put names to faces of all the men, describes how he got out of jail to the gang. Except who are these two women?


He took in his surroundings with quick glances. Two room cabin. Rough log walls with chinking, a cast iron stove in the corner with a basket of what looked like dried cow or buffalo chips and some kindling for fuel, coats and hats hung from pegs near the door, a bear skin hung across one wall with traps hanging near it, a crudely made bench stood under the window, and the sturdy table with mismatched chairs they sat at, standing in the center of the room. Assorted crockery, tins, and mason jars lined wooden shelves set in the wall near the stove. Everything out in the open, which was good, as he didn’t want to give away how strange the surroundings were to him.

The woman at the stove, turned to face him full on. “What happened to you?”

“I just started to tell the others. I was thrown in jail. I managed to escape out a window, but I injured my—”

“That’s not what I mean,” she snapped.

“What do you mean?”

She studied him through eyelids narrowed to slits. “You’re not the same man who left here.”

His stomach flip-flopped. He put both hands on the table and stared back at her, any thoughts having flown out his head.

She waved a ladle in his direction. “You put on some weight, I notice.”

Cord snickered. “That’s what it is! A little more of Ennis came back than the one that left. I knew something wasn’t right.” He pulled out a chair across from him and sat down.

Wynne’s chest expanded, taking in the air he’d forgotten to breathe. “You know how it is. Weeks spent eating the sheriff’s wife’s food—which is not as fine as the grub I get here, by the way—laying around in a bunk all day and night. I guess it shows in my middle.”

She turned away and said under her breath, “You keep right on and somebody’s going to need to make some alterations to their clothing.”

“I expect now I’m out of jail that won’t be somebody’s concern.” That remark of hers was needlessly mean, he thought, sucking in his gut even though it was hidden under the table at the moment.

Fritzy leaned across the table, an eager expression on his face. “How’d you escape? Did you kill the sheriff?”

The tall blonde ladled out stew into blue enamel plates as the other woman placed them on the table in front of the men. He studied her again. A slip of a girl. Her mint green dress, trimmed with ribbon and lace was of good quality and accented her fine figure. Her hands trembled when she put the food before him. He smiled at her and was pleased when she returned his with a shy one of her own that faded almost as soon as it appeared.

“No, I didn’t kill anyone, Fritzy. The guard was a young greenhorn. He forgot to lock the cell—”

Cord sat up straight. “What damn fool forgets to lock the cell?”

“Like I said he was green. I don’t even think he was a regular guard. Maybe just filling in for the regular one. I never saw him before that day as a matter of fact. Anyway, he picked up my empty dinner dishes, and I guess with his hands full—and he was real nervous! You could see how scared he was of me—anyway, between one thing and another he didn’t turn the key proper in the lock.”

“But you said you got injured in the escape,” Cord said around a mouthful of stew. “Sounds like you just walked out. What’dya do trip over the door jamb and stub your toe?”

That got a snort of laughter out of the big blonde.

“I walked out of the cell, but then I had to get down from the second floor of the jail, and there was another guard posted outside—”

Cord knitted his brows. “How’d you know that?”

Distrustful sonofagun. “I knew that because I’d seen him sitting there and heard the other guard talking to him when he brought my meals to me. Now, if I can continue my story without interruption...I couldn’t take the chance there wasn’t a guard sitting there, so I jumped out a window into an alley.”

The pretty brunette, forgetting her shyness, looked at him with her big, saucer eyes. “Did you get hurt bad?”

“It did hurt some. I think I broke a rib or two when I half landed on a barrel.”

Her hand flew to her mouth, a gesture that warmed his heart.

“That seems unlikely to me,” said Cord.

“What part exactly sounds unlikely to you, Cord?” He could feel beads of sweat breaking out above his lips. Out of the corner of his eye, he noticed the Captain regarding him with his chin tilted back, looking down his nose at him.

Cord squinted one eye. “Well, it just seems to me that a second story window is quite a height to jump from.”

He made a fist under the table to try and steady his nerves. “Did I say jump? I meant it was more like I lowered myself down. I was aiming to land on the barrel below but missed my mark some.”

Cord seemed satisfied with that answer but pointed over at him with his fork. “Where’d you get them guns?”

Somehow after the arrest Ennis’ guns had gone missing, so the sheriff provided him with a pair of Colt revolvers. Nothing fancy, but the Peacemaker was a reliable choice.

He patted his holster. “Stole them. I went to the livery to get my horse back, and I had to knock the feller there on the head.”

“Did you kill him?” Fritzy asked in a voice straining with excitement.

“No, I didn’t kill him. I expect he recovered just fine, but I did relieve him of his guns.”

The little brunette twisted her hands in her apron. “You were very daring!”

A loud thwack got his attention. The other woman had slammed down a cutting board with a loaf of bread on it, and she was looking daggers at him.

“Ah, bread! That smells good,” he said.

The blonde inclined her head toward the brunette. “Don’t set your expectations too high. Lucy baked it. Little Miss Lucy with her head in the clouds all the time.”

The brunette’s face fell. Lucy. I want to know more about you, sweetheart. She dropped her head and from lowered eyes looked from man to man as if waiting for support.

He broke off a hunk of bread and stuffed it in his mouth. It was doughy and undercooked on the inside and the crust was overdone. “Hmmm, that’s good bread. Thank you, Lucy.” Next time he’d dunk it in his stew first. Bread’s a tricky thing, he understood. Hard to get the heat right in these old stoves. His grandma had one like that.

The big blonde looked like she wanted to slap someone. Lucy took a step away into the shadows.

Fortunately, Asa changed the subject. “What I’m wondering is didn’t the law come after you the minute they saw you missing?”

Unfortunately, the subject had returned back to the story of his escape, which he hoped to leave off telling. “I expect they did, but I assure you I was long gone by the time they figured it out.”

Asa persisted. “How do you know that? They could have followed you and might be at our door before this stew is cold.”

The Captain’s eyes went wide and he began to tremble.

Asa turned to him. “Don’t fret Captain. I’m just saying that, that’s all. Nobody’s at the door... Yet. But, if you led the law to us, I swear—”

 He laid down his fork for emphasis. “Have you ever known me for a fool?”

“Well, no, I….” Asa looked away and tugged at his long mustache.

“But, he’s got a point,” said the Captain, still shaken. “If they’ve got a good tracker….”

“They don’t. And I was very careful to not leave a trail.”

Fritzy leaned in all keen, curls quivering. “I bet you were. What kind of things did you do to put them off your trail.”

Wynne popped a hunk of bread in his mouth to buy some time. All eyes were trained on him. What the heck do trackers look for?

“Well, to start off I headed west out of town instead of the direction I needed to go and stayed on a well-traveled road where there were many tracks coming and going. Then I circled back riding down a stream bed. When I could I followed in the footsteps of others, and—”

“Enough!” Everyone jumped when the blonde pounded her fist on the table, brown eyes flashing. “It’s like listening to a child recount his day. Ennis got himself out of trouble the way he always manages to escape the consequences of his actions. It’s in his nature to wiggle out of a fix. No need to make a hero out of him. You don’t tell a hen how clever she is every time it lays an egg, because it’s just what it does by nature.”


Den of Thieves is available as a single title, or you can find it and in the collection Gambling on a Cowboy, featuring six full length novels for only $0.99.












Wednesday, December 2, 2020

History of the Candy Cane By: Julie Lence

eat this, not that 

Today’s red & white stripped candy dates back to 17th century Europe when pulled sugar was popular. Most historians agree the treat came about when a German choirmaster gave his singers sugar sticks to keep them quiet during the Living Creche ceremony. Some suggest he was the one who crooked the top of the stick to resemble the shepherd’s cane. Others believe the crook was added (also in Germany) to hang the sticks on trees alongside fruits and other treats.
The original sugar stick was white and debuted in the United States in 1847 in Wooster, Ohio. German-Swedish immigrant, August Imgard decorated a blue spruce with paper ornaments and the crooked sugar sticks. From there, the candy cane appeared on Christmas cards in the early 1900’s, with the red stripes and peppermint flavor added around the same time.
Bob's Candies, Georgiaencyclopedia.org 
Atlanta’s Bob McCormick is credited in the 1920’s as being the first to give candy canes as special treats to his family and friends. The treats were made by hand and labor intensive until the when Gregory Keller (Bob’s brother-in-law) built a machine to mass produce candy canes. Greg’s company, Bob’s Candies, has been producing and distributing candy canes worldwide for over 80 years. 

Gregory Keller; encompassnews.org
Religious legend suggests the red and white striped candy cane has a religious meaning. The red stripes represent the blood of Jesus and the white stripes represents the purity of Jesus. It is believed the 3 fine stripes are the Holy Trinity, while the J shape of the cane represents the name Jesus. The hardness of the candy represents the foundation of the church and peppermint flavor is believed to stem from the herb hyssop, which symbolizes the purity of Jesus in the Old Testament.  
Wikipedia
Today, over 1 billion candy canes are produced int he United States. They come in different sizes and flavors, but red & white remains the most popular. Personally, I’m not one for the taste of peppermint, but I think they’re pretty and hang them on my tree.      

Tuesday, December 1, 2020

Typewriters, Outlaws, and Christmas Wishes

by Shanna Hatfield

What do typewriters, cattle rustlers and Christmas wishes have in common?

My latest historical romance releasing December 3!

The Christmas Wish includes all three along with tender romance, funny scenes, and a lot of Christmas cheer.

Set in 1908, the heroine of the story operates her grandfather's bookstore and stationery shop. Typewriters are among the items carried in the store.

In fact, her favorite typewriters is an Oliver. The reason for that is because the Oliver is also one of my favorites.

My uncle had one and after he passed away, my aunt and cousin asked if I'd like to have it. Of course I said, "YES!" 



I am the proud owner of an Oliver No. 5 typewriter (circa 1907).


The concept of typewriters dates back to the early 1700s. Englishman Henry Mill filed a vaguely-worded patent for "an artificial machine or method for the impressing or transcribing of letters singly or progressively one after another."


The first typewriter that really worked well was built by an Italian in 1808 for his blind friend. There is no record of what the machine looked like, but there are specimens of the letters written on it.


Through the next decades, many would try their hand at improving the typewriter. Unfortunately, most of them were designed so that the person typing could not see what they had typed without lifting up the carriage.







The effort to create a visible rather than "blind" machine led to many creative methods of getting the typebars to the platen. The Underwood of 1895 began to gain popularity until nearly all typewriters followed its style with frontstroke, QWERTY, typebar with a ribbon, using one shift key and four banks of keys.


In a marketplace of look-alikes, one typewriter stood out: the Oliver.


Headquartered in Chicago, the Oliver Typewriter was the first effective "visible print" typewriter.


Thomas Oliver was born in Canada but moved to Iowa after the death of his mother to serve as a Methodist minister. In the late 1880s, he began to develop his first typewriter, made from strips of tin cans, as a means of producing more legible sermons. He received his first patent in April 1891. After four years of development, he had a "crude working model." He resigned his ministry, rounded up investors, leased a building, and began manufacturing his machines. He encountered an investor in Chicago who became interested in the typewriter and bought the stock held by the Iowa investors.


In 1895, the manufacturing plant moved to Chicago. And in 1899, the company established sales networks by encouraging customers to become distributors. This method relied on word of mouth and door-to-door sales. They also began offering sales on credit in 1906. At the peak of business, the company's labor force of 875 workers produced 375 machines daily.


Eager to improve on what worked (and fine tune what didn't work as well as it should), new models were introduced.




In 1907, the Oliver Typewriter Company dubbed it's Oliver No. 5 as "Typewriter Perfection." This was the same year the company moved into the brand new Oliver Building on Dearborn Street in Chicago.


Sadly, Thomas Oliver died not long after of heart disease, although the company continued.


What set Oliver typewriters apart (other than the fact they set the bar for visible print) was the unique bat wing design of their typewriters. Oliver typewriters were "down strike" meaning the typebars strike the platen (or roller) from above than from below or the front. The "down strike" method meant the full page was visible to the typist as the text was being entered. Also, the greater striking power of this method made the typewriter popular for specialty uses such as stencil cutting.


Oliver typewriters were finished in olive green paint with nickel-plating and white or black keyboards, depending on customer preference.


Eventually, competition and financial troubles resulted in the company's liquidation in 1928. The assets were purchased by investors who formed The British Oliver Typewriter Company which remained in business in 1959, when the last Oliver typewriters was produced.


At any rate, my heroine loves her typewriters.





Home is the last place he wants to be for Christmas . . .

When an urgent telegram arrives from his mother, begging him to return home, old West photographer Percy Bruner can’t refuse. After an almost five-year absence, he dreads returning to the small eastern Oregon town of Hardman where he grew up. He’d dreamed of raising a family there, and loving his sweetheart until they were both old and gray. But with her gone, the only thing the town can offer him is painful memories.

Now that his family needs him, Percy must face the ghosts that continue to haunt him, and make the hard choice of letting go of his past or giving up on his future.

Will his return the place he once loved give shattered hearts a chance to heal and make a special Christmas wish come true?

Full of small-town characters, sweet romance, Christmas cheer, and second chances, The Christmas Wish offers a heartfelt holiday read sprinkled with humor and hope.

Pre-order your copy today!






After spending her formative years on a farm in eastern Oregon, hopeless romantic Shanna Hatfield turns her rural experiences into sweet historical and contemporary romances filled with sarcasm, humor, and hunky heroes.



When this USA Today bestselling author isn’t writing or covertly seeking dark, decadent chocolate, Shanna hangs out with her beloved husband, Captain Cavedweller.

Friday, November 27, 2020

The Ojibwe People by Zina Abbott

According to my cell phone calendar, today is Native American Heritage Day. In keeping with that, I wish to share a few details about the largest Native American tribe in the United States, the Ojibwe (Ojibwa, Ojibway, Chippewa).

Origins

The Anishinaabeg (singular Anishinaabe) is the umbrella name for the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi nations. The names "Ojibwe" and "Chippewa" are essentially different spellings of the same word, "otchipwa," which means "to pucker," a likely reference to the distinctive puckered seam on an Ojibwa moccasin. It can also refer to the Ojibwe custom of writing on birch bark. Individuals from this tribe generally refer to themselves as Anishinaabe.


The language spoken by the Ojibwe is called Anishinaabem or Ojibwemowin, as well as the Chippewa or Ojibwe language. An Algonquian language, Anishinaabem is not a single language, but rather a chain of linked local varieties, with nearly a dozen different dialects. There are about 5,000 speakers across Canada and the United States; the most endangered dialect is southwestern Ojibwe, with between 500–700 speakers. 

Migration

According to Ojibwe oral history, supported by linguistic and archaeological studies, the ancestors of the Anishinaabeg migrated from the Atlantic Ocean, or perhaps Hudson Bay, following the St. Lawrence Seaway to the Straits of Mackinac. They arrived there about 1400. They continued expanding west, south, and northward. 

There are several theories given for this migration. One was, due to a combination of prophecies around 1,500 years ago that urged them to move west to "the land where food grows on water." That referred to wild rice and served as a major incentive to migrate westward. Eventually some bands made their homes in the northern area of present-day Minnesota.

The Ojibwe migrated westward over the course of many centuries. They moved in small groups and followed the Great Lakes. By the time the French arrived in the Great Lakes area in the early 1600s, the Ojibwe were well established at Sault Ste. Marie and the surrounding area.

Another reason for their migration was to escape tribal warfare.

A third possible reason was climate change.


The Ojibwe was the largest and most powerful tribe in the Great Lakes area. The advantage of having superior weapons was one of the reasons why the Ojibwe turned to more habitual wars with other natives. Their fierce, warlike reputation and their sheer numbers made them one of the most feared tribes. They were able to take territories from other tribes as needed and extended their territories across a large area. During the Beaver Wars, the Ojibwe fought with the Fox, Mundua, Huron, Winnebago and Iroquois.

The Ojibwe people have a long history within the Midwest long before whites came in the 1600s looking for furs. Some adopted the lifestyle of the buffalo hunters of the Great Plains. Their histories date far back to days before anything was recorded, so the long past events come only in the traditional passing down of stories from generation to generation.

New France and the Fur Trade

The French established New France in the 1600's and established trading links with the Ojibwe, who they referred to as the Sauteux. Like most of the Algonquian-speaking tribes they became strong allies of the French fighting against the English and the tribes of the powerful Iroquois Confederacy. They expanded their territories to control most of lower Michigan and southern Ontario.

Ojibwe and Confederacies

The Ottawa people were one of the few tribes that the Ojibwe were in close alliance with. They traded furs back and forth, and with the introduction of the French fur traders into the area, were able to acquire European goods through the Ottawa without much contact with whites.

In 1769 the Chippewa formed a confederacy known as "The Three Fires" with the Ottawa and Potawatomi tribes aimed at forcing the Peoria tribe from the Illinois River.

In 1785 the Ojibwe joined the Western Confederacy that consisted of a league of many different tribes including the Potawatomi, Ottawa, Shawnee, Delaware, Kickapoo, Huron and the Seneca tribes. The goal of the Western Confederacy was to keep the Ohio River as a boundary between Native American lands and the United States. There were no wars between the Americans and Ojibwe after 1815 and the majority of the Ojibwe remained in their homelands in the United States and Canada.

 

The Ojibwe and the Dakota


The confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers was a place of diplomacy and trade for the Ojibwe. They met with Dakota people at Mni Sni (Coldwater Spring) and after European Americans arrived, they frequented the area to trade, treat with the US Indian Agent, and sign treaties.

Ojibwe delegations gathered at Fort Snelling in 1820 to meet with local Dakota leaders and in 1825 before traveling to Prairie du Chien for treaty negotiations. In 1837 more than 1,000 Ojibwe met Dakota and US representatives at the confluence to negotiate another treaty. The Ojibwe forced a rare provision into the Treaty of St. Peters, retaining the right to hunt, fish, gather wild rice, and otherwise use the land as they always had.

Throughout the fur trade era, the Ojibwe valued their relationship with the Dakota above those they maintained with European Americans. While historians have frequently cited ongoing conflict between the Ojibwe and Dakota, the two peoples were more often at peace than at war. In 1679 the Ojibwe and the Dakota formed an alliance through peaceful diplomacy at Fond du Lac in present-day Minnesota. The Ojibwe agreed to provide the Dakota with fur trade goods, and in return the Dakota permitted the Ojibwe to move west toward the Mississippi River. During this period of peace that lasted for fifty-seven years, the Ojibwe and Dakota often hunted together, created families together, shared their religious experiences, and prospered.

In 1737, a war with the Dakota people won the Ojibwe a large portion of Northern Minnesota, climaxing a long rivalry between the two tribes. The French were strong advocates for the Ojibwe, using them and other Indian allies to gain the most control of the land that they could, hoping to get better trade areas than the British. French diplomats convinced Ojibwe to attack certain tribes that might be in their way, and provided guns and other weapons to insure their dominance. They also got some Ojibwe to come to their own home forts in Quebec and Montreal to defend against the British, establishing a firm alliance between the two.

In the mid-1700s, the Ojibwe's westward expansion was finally halted in North Dakota when they ran into a better armed enemy – the Lakota. They had large numbers of horses and were able to hold their own territory against intruders.

By the middle of the 1800s, intertribal conflict was abandoned as both tribes were overwhelmed by challenges posed by the surge of European American settler-colonists.

Ojibwe and Americans

After the fur traders, the first Europeans who held sustained contact with the Ojibwe people were missionaries who arrived in Minnesota in 1832. They were Calvinist New Englanders who were associated with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). The Ojibwe welcomed them into their communities, seeing them as agents of alliance with the Europeans, while the ABCFM saw their role strictly to convert the people to Christianity. The misunderstanding created a mixed blessing. One benefit to the Ojibwe was the information about European plans and lifestyles they gained. 

By the mid-19th century, the Ojibwe had become alarmed at the decline of both game and fur-bearing animals in their country. The recognized that the growing number of Euro-Americans was responsible. Particularly damaging were those commercial interests that built roads and homesteads and began logging activities.

Some Ojibwe responded by increasing their reliance on agriculture, especially wild rice, and the technology, tools, and equipment of the foreigners were considered to be useful for promoting that. Others had no interest at all in U.S. farming technology. This increased tensions within the tribe between those who supported a war against the Europeans and those who favored cooperating with them.

Traditional Clothing


The different types of clothes worn by the Ojibwe tribe that were dictated by climate and customs. The men wore breechcloths in the summer. In the winter they wore fringed, decorated tunics, high moccasins and leggings and turbans of soft fur.

The women wore wraparound skirts or buckskin dresses. They wore their hair in long braids.

Both men and women wore moccasins and ponchos in colder temperatures. Warm robes or cloaks were also worn to protect against the rain and the cold. Clothes were decorated and colored with red, blue, yellow and green dyes.

Some Chippewa crafts were made for beauty however, many were designed for much more practical uses such as for example baskets, wampum, snowshoes, and moccasins. The art of the Chippewa consist of fantasy catchers and complex beadwork.

To learn more about these two Ojibwe warriors, Sha-co-pay and A-wun-ne-wa-be painted by George Catlin in 1832, please CLICK HERE.

Society and Government

The Ojibwe primary prehistoric mode of existence was based on hunting and fishing, harvesting wild rice, and harvesting maple sap to made maple sugar and syrup. The lived in small communities of wigwams or wickiups (their traditional dwellings), and traveled inland waterways in birch bark canoes that were specifically recognized for being well-crafted and graceful. The were light and lean, yet strong.

The Chippewa not only caught several types of seafood, however they in addition caught crayfish, mussels, frogs and turtles. The nucleus of the Ojibwe world was the island of Michilimackinac ("the great turtle"), famous for pike, sturgeon, and whitefish. 

Ojibwe communities were historically based on clans, or "doodem," which determined a person's place in Ojibwe society. Different clans represented different aspects of Ojibwe society; for example, political leaders came from the loon or crane clans, while warriors were traditionally from the bear, martin, lynx, and wolf clans.

Among the Ojibwe, honor and prestige came with generosity. Ojibwe culture and society were structured around reciprocity, with gift-giving playing an important social role. During a ceremony reinforced with an exchange of gifts, parties fulfilled the social expectations of kinship and agreed to maintain a reciprocal relationship of mutual assistance and obligation. Many fur traders, and later European and American government officials, used gift-giving to help establish economic and diplomatic ties with various Ojibwe communities.

Religion

The traditional Ojibwe religion, Midewiwin, sets down a path of life to follow (mino-bimaadizi). That path honors promises and elders, and values behaving moderately and in coherence with the natural world. Its theology centers on a belief in a single creating force but also incorporates a wide pantheon of spirits that play specific roles in the universe. Midewiwin is closely tied to indigenous medicine and healing practices based on an extensive understanding of the natural plants of the regions in which the Ojibwa reside. The practice involves songs, dances, and ceremonies. 

 

The belief is that humans are comprised of a physical body and two distinct souls. One is the seat of intelligence and experience (jiibay), which leaves the body when asleep or in trance; the other is seated in the heart (ojichaag), where it remains until freed at death.

Ojibwe historical and spiritual beliefs were passed down to succeeding generations by teaching, birch bark scrolls and rock art pictographs. 

Many Ojibwe today practice Catholic or Episcopal Christianity, but continue to keep the spiritual and healing components of the old traditions. 

Surviving American Reservations

After the birth of the United States, treaties began to be made selling off land between the Native Americans and new settlers. The Ojibwe had little conflict with the United States during their reign, even after Fort Snelling was built in Minnesota to try to section off the Dakota from the Ojibwe. This may have been because they knew they had little chance of victory over the numerous, technologically advanced settlers, but they continued to attack the Dakota.

Treaties making land trades began in the 1800s between Euro-Americans and the Ojibwe. being cheated out on the books by whites who wanted to make more money, the Ojibwe found themselves in debt with the fur traders. Selling land was one of their most immediate sources for cash, and the Americans were all too eager to take it up from them. Copper and lumber were in great demand, and the Ojibwe were on land that had a lot of it. In exchange for their territories, the tribes were moved on to reservations, almost all of which were too small to fully support the entire groups of people sent there. The Ojibwe were given very little choice in the matter. Between 1854 and 1856, all of the Ojibwe reservation plans were organized, sending many people either out of their homes, or into much smaller plots than they once owned. The reservations were often too dense to fully keep up all of their traditions like hunting. 

The end result of the approximately fifty different treaties were such that in the late 1870s and 1880s, there would be twenty-two different reservations. The rules required the Ojibwe to clear the land of trees and farm it. Subtle but persistent cultural resistance allowed the Ojibwe to continue their traditional activities, but hunting and fishing off-reservation became more difficult with increased sport fishermen and hunters, and competition for game from commercial sources. 

To survive, the Ojibwe people leveraged their traditional food sources—roots, nuts, berries, maple sugar, and wild rice—and sold the surplus to local communities. By the 1890s, the Indian Service pressed for more logging on Ojibwe lands, but multiple fires fueled by downed timber on and off the reservation ended that in 1904. The burned-over areas, however, resulted in an increase in berry crops. 

The Ojibwe people are among the largest population of indigenous people in North America, with over 200,000 individuals living in Canada—primarily in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan—and the United States, in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota. The Canadian government recognizes more than 130 Chippewa First Nations, and the U.S. recognizes 22. The Ojibwe people today reside on small reservations or in small towns or urban centers. 

Today in Minnesota, the United States recognizes six different bands of the Ojibwe nation, including: Boise Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and the White Earth (Ojibwe). Although the tribe underwent great recession with the involvement of whites settling America, they are still one of the largest groups of Native Americans around, with the total estimated number of people comprising the tribe as 190,000.

When I wrote my first book featuring Luke McDaniels and Ling Loi (Joy), Escape from Gold Mountain, I knew I was setting up a romance between a Chinese woman and a man of a different race—a situation with which not everyone is comfortable. Ling Loi’s character was based on an actual historical person. For my fictional hero, I chose to have him be one-quarter Native American. Based on the existing prejudices and laws in the 1880s, I decided Luke’s Native tribe needed to live in a state that did not have anti-miscegenation laws (laws against marriage between of those of different races}. To fit his story of how he arrived in California, I chose Minnesota and the Ojibwa tribe.

It was not until I wrote Gift of Restitution that I needed to settle on a band. The seven Ojibwe reservations in Minnesota are Bois Forte (Nett Lake), Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, White Earth, and Red Lake. Fond du Lac is the closest to Duluth, a fairly large city on the shore of Lake Superior, which best suited Luke’s back story.

What prompted me to write Gift of Restitution was a loose end in the first book. Luke was a basically decent man who managed—thanks to the two outlaws, Charley and Tex—to get himself entangled in illegal activities. As struggled to free himself and rescue Ling Loi, he tried to do the right thing without putting himself at risk. However, in one instance, Luke paid what he felt he could afford even though he recognized it did not honestly cover the cost of what he took. This story was written to allow Luke to redeem himself. As I finished the book, I felt as though I had been guided by an unseen hand.

While I did more research for my latest book, I found Ojibwe to be the preferred spelling for this tribe. However, when I wrote the first book, I went with the spelling my spell-checker accepted. Although I prefer the Ojibwe spelling, for the sake of consistency in both books, I spelled it Ojibwa.


 

To find the book description and purchase link for Gift of Restitution, please CLICK HERE.

 

 

 

 

Sources:

https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/ojibwe-people

https://ojibwenativeamericans.weebly.com/history.html

http://gurushop.eu/IndianClothing/chippewa-indians-clothing

https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/chippewa-tribe.htm

https://www.thoughtco.com/ojibwe-people-4797430